Co-founder, Mammoth Biosciences
Why AI Hasn't Cured Anything...Yet, According to Jennifer Doudna | The Circuit
Emily Chang meets Nobel Prize-winning scientist and University of California, Berkeley, Professor Jennifer Doudna to discuss the origins of CRISPR, other breakthroughs in gene editing and what Silicon Valley gets wrong about the future of biology.
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About Jennifer Doudna
Jennifer Doudna, co-founder of Scribe Therapeutics and a Nobel laureate, appeared on Bloomberg Technology on July 24, 2026, following Scribe Therapeutics' IPO, which raised $128.7 million. Doudna discussed the company's lead therapy, which aims to lower LDL cholesterol with a single treatment using "epi editing," a method she described as making changes in DNA that are not permanent but alter protein production. She stated that this approach could allow the therapy to be used "safely and effectively for common disease." Doudna also commented on the role of artificial intelligence in science, saying that while AI is "an incredible tool" that can accelerate work, it "doesn't replace scientists" and that she does not see AI coming up with "brand new idea[s]." In a June 24, 2026, interview on "The Circuit" with Emily Chang, Doudna reflected on the pace of CRISPR's commercialization, stating that the promise of the technology was not overstated but that "we're just early." She expressed a desire for a future where patients with rare diseases can be quickly diagnosed and receive a genetic therapy through a "smooth pipeline." Doudna also addressed the impact of funding cuts to scientific research, calling them a risk to the United States' economic success in science and technology.
Transcript (107 segments)
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Emily Chang0:02
This is where you accepted the Nobel?
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Jennifer Doudna0:05
Yes. Like right here. Right here.
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Emily Chang0:08
Tell me about that moment.
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Jennifer Doudna0:09
Well, it was in the heart of the pandemic, and normally it's done in Stockholm, Sweden, and so the Nobel Committee said, well, we're going to send the Nobel to you, and we're going to give it to you in your garden.
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Emily Chang0:25
When you wake up the next day, does the world just open up, or do you feel a weight of responsibility?
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Jennifer Doudna0:32
If I'm honest, I mean, it was so overwhelming. I didn't go into science with any thoughts of winning prizes. Believe me. I just hoped I could get a job someday. My husband said to me, well, now your main job is being an ambassador for science. And I thought, how do I do that?
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Emily Chang0:49
Being the face of a scientific revolution is a lot of pressure. Even for Jennifer Doudna, a legend in biology who helped turn CRISPR into a breakthrough method for altering DNA, tackling everything from genetic disease to climate change and spawning dozens of companies in the process. But some critics claim the tech hasn't lived up to its hype just yet. Not to mention the ethical concerns. At the same time, movie depictions of biotechnology haven't exactly been great PR for gene editing. 'More human than human is our motto. It didn't matter how much I lied, my real resume was in my cells.' So to get to the real story, I went to Berkeley, California to meet with Professor Doudna to talk about where CRISPR is actually headed.
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Jennifer Doudna1:32
I do have a sense that over the next three years, we're going to see some continued breakthroughs.
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Emily Chang1:37
To parse through fact versus fiction in the AI race.
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Jennifer Doudna1:40
I'm not seeing chatbots in our own experience innovating.
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Emily Chang1:45
And to gauge how excited or worried we should be. So do you feel a sense of urgency?
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Jennifer Doudna1:50
Oh, yeah. Every day. Yeah.
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Emily Chang1:58
So this is your famous garden?
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Jennifer Doudna2:00
Well, such as it is, yeah.
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Emily Chang2:02
How much time do you spend back here?
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Jennifer Doudna2:04
Not enough is the answer. But I love being in my garden, Emily, because it's a way I refresh my mind. It's amazing how when I come up here and even if I'm just pulling weeds, I feel connected to nature in a way that I find very relaxing.
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Emily Chang2:20
Doudna's Nobel origin story began in the rainy town of Hilo, Hawaii where her family moved when she was seven. What inspired you there when you were growing up?
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Jennifer Doudna2:30
Well, let's just start with, nobody in my family was a scientist. I haven't found a single scientist on either side of my family, but I remember how fascinated I was with just the beauty of the place, and I think that was one of the things that first got me interested in science, was thinking about why different plants and animals were able to survive there and thrive there.
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Emily Chang2:51
When she's not untangling life's biggest questions in her backyard, Doudna is teaching, running a lab, mentoring young scientists and advising startups looking to turn her life's work into real world cures. Today, she took us inside the Innovative Genomics Institute, a research hub she founded that's part breakthrough lab, part startup incubator.
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Jennifer Doudna3:12
It's fun, right? I still kind of get chills when I come in the lab. You know, I love the feel of it. I mean, I still remember my first time going into a research lab and feeling this sense of wonder, kind of the sense of discoveries are being made here and wanting to be part of it.
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Emily Chang3:28
I can't believe I never realized this, but it was pointed out to me that your name literally spells do-you-DNA. I mean, that has to be fate, right?
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Jennifer Doudna3:38
I had to work on this.
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Emily Chang3:39
So what kind of research is happening right now?
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Jennifer Doudna3:41
Well, we've got all kinds of work going on. We're doing some very fundamental science trying to figure out the original ancestral origins of CRISPR in bacteria, which is where it comes from. I'm really excited about all the students and postdoctoral trainees that are here doing really creative, interesting science. I can't tell you how many times they come up with ideas that I would've never thought of. So recently, a person in my lab figured out that he could extend the efficiency of CRISPR in a whole organism. He's doing experiments in a mouse model of disease by simply accelerating the pace at which CRISPR molecules are able to edit cells.
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Emily Chang4:19
Wait, let's pause here for a moment. CRISPR, we've been talking about it, but we should probably explain exactly what it is and how it works.
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Jennifer Doudna4:27
Right. Okay.
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Emily Chang4:29
The discovery began with Doudna and her collaborator Emmanuelle Charpentier and their obsession with the remarkably adaptive immune system inside bacteria. When a virus attacks a bacterium, the defending cell saves a fragment of the viral DNA and turns it into guide RNA, which is like a tiny genetic GPS. If the virus returns, a protein called CAS9, kind of like molecular scissors, pairs with the RNA GPS then locates and cuts the invading virus. The breakthrough from Doudna and Charpentier was realizing this guide RNA GPS could be reprogrammed, directing CAS9 scissors to cut genomic sequences beyond viral DNA, including human cells. Suddenly editing DNA was no longer theoretical. And over time, Doudna launched a bevy of biotech companies out of IGI, all working in different ways to translate CRISPR technology into treatments for patients.
Give us a sense of the scope of the number of companies and new ventures that have come out of IGI.
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Jennifer Doudna5:32
So, from the very beginning of the institute, one of our goals was to ensure that we had a pretty smooth pipeline between fundamental discoveries and the kind of organizations like startup companies that would be able to build real world value around those discoveries. I think we've now spun out 31 companies at last count, $9 billion valuation. If you add it all up, over 2,500 jobs created largely here in California, but elsewhere too. It's really extraordinary.
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Emily Chang6:02
Long before founding IGI, Doudna spent years studying RNA at Harvard and Yale, but it wasn't until 2006 at UC Berkeley that she turned her attention to CRISPR. Were there nights that you couldn't sleep because you felt you were close to something?
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Jennifer Doudna6:16
Oh, yeah. It had that kind of detective story feel to it. You know, when you're hot on the trail of something, you know that it's very exciting, can't wait to do the next experiment. CRISPR was very much that way.
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Emily Chang6:28
What are the current use cases that inspire you the most?
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Jennifer Doudna6:31
Well, I always think about Victoria Gray, who was the first patient with sickle cell disease to be treated with CRISPR here in the United States. Her story is so inspiring.
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Emily Chang6:41
Victoria Gray, an activist and lecturer, is the first person with sickle cell disease to receive an experimental treatment using CRISPR.
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Victoria Gray6:48
I want to reach others who feel like no help is coming. We're coming.
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Emily Chang6:54
Do you have patients reaching out to you all the time?
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Jennifer Doudna6:56
All the time.
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Emily Chang6:56
So you're getting a lot of calls?
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Jennifer Doudna6:58
We do, yeah. I'll just say that I always thank people for reaching out because they're often sharing very personal stories. A lot of them are about children, you know, their kids. A lot of people will send pictures of their children. It really brings home the importance of what we're doing, and frankly, the need to work as fast as possible on real therapies that can benefit people.
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Emily Chang7:19
So do you feel a sense of urgency?
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Jennifer Doudna7:21
Oh, yeah. Every day. Yeah.
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Emily Chang7:23
Because every day that passes, you could be coming up with a miracle cure or saving someone's child.
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Jennifer Doudna7:28
Or just realizing that there's still a big divide between the kind of work that goes on in a lab like this where we're making fundamental discoveries and actually taking that knowledge and having it benefit people. In a real sense, there's a big gap there.
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Emily Chang7:42
So far, CRISPR therapies like those for sickle cell have been built to treat entire groups of patients with the same genetic disease. But in 2025, a new milestone was achieved at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, when an infant known as baby KJ became the first patient to receive a fully personalized CRISPR-based gene therapy.
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Baby KJ's Parent8:01
He was born on Thursday. Friday morning, they had said to me, your son is very sick. In patients who have urea cycle disorders, they can't break down protein. And what happens is ammonia builds up and ammonia can be toxic to the brain. We didn't know that we were gonna reach his first birthday. Now we're seeing him crawl. Now he's walking, now he climbs on everything under the sun and thinks he's the most funny person in the room.
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Emily Chang8:27
Baby KJ's treatment shows a glimpse of what's possible. But the therapy came with a price tag of around $800,000, supported by a patchwork of public research funding, academic collaboration and philanthropy. How's baby KJ doing?
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Jennifer Doudna8:42
My understanding is that he's doing great. You know, he's continuing to grow. He's continuing to benefit from the CRISPR treatment that he received. It's an extraordinary story.
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Emily Chang8:52
So how do we save more baby KJs? Right? That's the question, right?
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Jennifer Doudna8:56
It can't be a path that costs millions of dollars. It can't be a path that takes a huge army of people and time to achieve. I'd really like to see a world where we can diagnose people quite quickly who have rare disease, quickly figure out if they might be a good candidate for a genetic therapy like CRISPR, and if the answer is yes, then have a very smooth pipeline for making the CRISPR therapy, testing it quickly, and then getting it into the patient.
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Emily Chang9:27
One way CRISPR research may accelerate is with artificial intelligence, which could theoretically help scientists design edits faster and predict their risks more accurately. That promise has already piqued the interest of Silicon Valley.
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Sam Altman9:40
A huge fraction of ChatGPT queries are health related. So we wanted to get really good at this. One day, maybe we can cure all disease with the help of AI. It'll look like there's a human professor and a thousand AI grad students, and they're smarter than you are, by the way.
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Emily Chang9:54
Doudna is less gung-ho on the matter.
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Jennifer Doudna9:57
Biology's hard, that's all. I guess it really comes down to that. You know, I've been working in this area for a long time as a biologist, and the more I learn, honestly, the more I'm really humbled by the fact that biology is complex. We're not going to be able to simulate our way to an understanding of the human body. We're not going to be able to avoid the need for certain types of testing. I do think there are opportunities to increase the efficiency in which we make discoveries about the way our bodies work and the way they interact with drugs that will be effective, and I think AI will be helpful there. But it's gonna come down to training models on the right kinds of data, and a big need for better and more data for training models if we wanna achieve that.
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Emily Chang10:42
An OpenAI executive recently suggested that if a discovery happens on ChatGPT, let's say a drug discovery, that OpenAI should get a cut of sales. What do you think of that?
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Jennifer Doudna10:52
Good luck.
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Emily Chang10:53
Expand. How are chatbots going to change drug discovery?
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Jennifer Doudna10:57
I'm not sure the answer to that yet. I don't know. Lots of people are of course very hopeful about it. But I think that innovation is still really in the domain of human beings right now. I'm not seeing chatbots in our own experience innovating. They can be helpful with summarizing data. They can be helpful in writing reports and things of that nature, but I'm not seeing chatbots coming up with a brand new idea for something that nobody else ever thought of.
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Emily Chang11:24
So you're saying AI can't innovate?
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Jennifer Doudna11:27
I don't know if it can't innovate. I just don't think it is right now.
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Emily Chang11:30
What about after the AGI moment?
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Jennifer Doudna11:32
Well, I never say never. So maybe that'll happen, but I'm not holding my breath.
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Emily Chang11:36
Well, there are just so many big promises out there, like Larry Ellison saying AI will cure cancer in a 48-hour window. Does that hold any water?
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Jennifer Doudna11:45
Believe me, I'd be overjoyed if that is true. We all would, but I just don't see it right now.
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Emily Chang11:51
Doudna's mission is to turn CRISPR from a scientific breakthrough into real world medicine, but commercializing gene editing means delivering those edits to the right cells safely, reliably, and at scale. So CRISPR was supposed to usher in this era of miracle cures, and we've seen some, but was the promise overstated, or are we just early?
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Jennifer Doudna12:10
I think it's a classic example of this happens a lot in human nature. We get very excited about something, a discovery or a breakthrough of some kind, and you start imagining all the possibilities with it. And then as you start to dig in, you realize there's still some challenges. I mean, think about the human genome being sequenced back around the year 2000. Now we're in 2026, so we're 26 years from that moment, and yet honestly, we still don't understand the function of about 40% of the genes in a typical bacterial cell with a much smaller genome than the human genome. That just gives you a little bit of a sense of the complexity. We recognize that it's a very powerful technology, but it has limitations that have become clear over time.
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Emily Chang12:59
What are the limitations that still exist?
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Jennifer Doudna13:02
A lot of it has to do with the way that we put CRISPR molecules into patients. Right now, it's being done mostly by strategies that involve taking cells out of the patient, editing them in the lab, and then transplanting them back in. And you can imagine that's quite involved. It's quite expensive. It's unpleasant for patients, it's not ideal. So I think going forward, increasingly there are efforts to turn CRISPR into what we call an in-vivo therapy, where we can deliver it directly into the patient's body in a way that will take these editing molecules to the right cells where they do their job and then don't do anything else.
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Emily Chang13:42
Is there a time horizon that you like to look at in terms of when there will be some sort of feeling that the sky has been the limit?
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Jennifer Doudna13:53
It's always hard to put a timeline on things. I do have a sense that over the next three years, we're going to see some continued breakthroughs.
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Emily Chang14:02
Two, three years isn't too far away.
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Jennifer Doudna14:04
Not too far away. Yeah.
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Emily Chang14:04
So what happens in two, three years?
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Jennifer Doudna14:07
Yeah, for one thing, I hope that we're able to treat more patients like KJ and provide a path for others. We'd like to get more medical centers involved in this type of approach. We'd like to drive down the cost, of course, partnering with manufacturers that can make the molecules we need more inexpensively, and really just getting more clinical teams involved in this effort. I think if that can be done, then there's really going to be a path to opening the door for many more rare diseases to be treated.
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Emily Chang14:37
But these large scale efforts require hefty resources. And over the past year, federal funding cuts under the Trump administration have created significant uncertainty for long-term scientific research. Over the past three years, the number of new grants from the NSF dropped 24%, and roughly 25,000 scientists and staff, about 20% of the workforce, have left federal research agencies. We're a year into the Trump administration. A number of grants have been cut. How does science fare in the age of President Trump?
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Jennifer Doudna15:10
We're seeing real challenges right now, as you just mentioned. I think the cuts that we've seen really risk the economic success of the United States in science and technology in a way that is, to me, very unfortunate. We've been a leader in science since the second World War. Every dollar that's been invested from the NIH in research leads to about $2.50 of economic benefit. That's a pretty darn good return on investment. So giving that up, ceding that to other countries because they will step in, there are opportunities there. If we don't continue our investment in science, others will do so. I think that would really be a shame.
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Emily Chang15:52
But the Trump administration's impact on science goes way beyond these cuts. What do you think of the MAHA movement? Is it gonna really make Americans healthier or something else?
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Jennifer Doudna16:03
Look, I think health decisions need to be made based on data and based on science. And there's a reason why people train in medical schools or they go to graduate school to learn about how to evaluate science or to evaluate clinical data or to work with patients. And I think we have to lean into that when we make health decisions.
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Emily Chang16:22
Do you know RFK Jr.?
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Jennifer Doudna16:24
I don't.
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Emily Chang16:24
If you had an audience with him, what would you say?
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Jennifer Doudna16:27
I'd say what I just said to you.
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Emily Chang16:28
What are your concerns about where this leads, you know, there's the MAHA movement, there's the anti-vax movement coming from somebody who worked on RNA, which was a key to the COVID vaccine.
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Jennifer Doudna16:38
It's a dangerous moment. It's very dangerous. I mean, when I see things like measles outbreak in South Carolina, it's terrible. It doesn't have to be that way.
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Emily Chang16:46
When you're in a room alone with scientists, what do you privately discuss? Like what are people saying about this moment?
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Jennifer Doudna16:53
Well, I think there's a lot of concern. I think that many of us feel, if I'm honest, also a sense of responsibility that we need to be better at communicating the value of our work. Why it's publicly funded. Why should taxpayer dollars be used for research? What's the value of what we do? And there's incredible value, but we haven't maybe been very good as a community at communicating that to people that are not scientists.
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Emily Chang17:19
Does it ever make you wanna scream?
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Jennifer Doudna17:21
Yes, but you know, then Emily, I look around and I think, you know, I work at an incredible place and I feel also incredibly grateful.
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Emily Chang17:33
We talked a bit about biotech funding. Researchers say they're considering leaving the United States. What are the implications of this? Does China surge ahead?
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Jennifer Doudna17:42
I think it maybe does, at least initially. I think that's a possibility. I think it's a very real possibility because at the same time that the United States is pulling back on funding, we're seeing a big investment in science in China.
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Emily Chang17:56
Over the past decade, China's biotech industry has rapidly accelerated, propelled by state backed investment and a streamlined path for human trials. In 2018, amid this climb, a scientist based in Shenzhen conducted a widely condemned gene editing experiment. The Chinese researcher created an international controversy after claiming he helped make the world's first genetically edited babies. The procedure raised fears of a new era of designer babies with parents selecting traits for their children—a possibility that remains largely theoretical, although maybe not for long. You've said we'll see CRISPR edited babies within 25 years. What kind of edits and who are these babies?
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Jennifer Doudna18:38
Those decisions are gonna be made by a lot of the people who are coming of age and coming into their reproductive years. I think it'll be a question of assuming that we get to a point where the technology is actually safe and effective for that kind of purpose, then asking what kinds of edits should we make? And who should have access to that technology? Who should be paying for that technology? Who should be regulating that technology? Those questions really haven't been answered at this stage.
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Emily Chang19:06
I know people of reproductive age now thinking about some of these things, the companies that are promising they can select embryos for traits like intelligence and other things. It's part of what's been called the Silicon Valley push to breed super babies. We look at something like height, even eye color, hair color, intelligence. What's actually possible now and what's not possible, because aren't these traits that are controlled by thousands of genes?
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Jennifer Doudna19:31
Yes. So I agree. I think it's a tall order to be able to do that kind of selection in an in vitro fertilization clinic. It's likewise going to be very hard to know which sets of genes would need to be edited to give you an outcome that affected intelligence, or something as complex as that. So I just don't see it anytime soon.
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Emily Chang19:56
There's this concern if you select for one trait, let's say intelligence, that you might also end up getting a lot of undesirable traits.
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Jennifer Doudna20:04
Well, you're touching on something that I think about a lot. All the genes in our cells are interacting with each other in ways that we mostly aren't aware of and don't understand yet. And that means that if we tweak one gene or even a few, we can't always be sure what the outcome is gonna be, especially if we're looking long into the future. So I think that's gonna continue to be an area where we need to do research. Clearly that work is still at a very early stage. They're working in mice and they're working in systems that haven't gotten to the complexity of a human body yet.
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Emily Chang20:39
So let's say it becomes increasingly possible. On what grounds can we tell parents, you can't do this? Like, why wouldn't you want to engineer babies to be as healthy as possible?
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Jennifer Doudna20:50
Some people might say, well, I'd like to edit out the sickle cell trait, which I think one could make a very good argument for wanting to do that. On the other hand, if a parent said, I want to change something about eye color or height or musculature, some people might feel that it's not appropriate in the end. I think it's gonna come down to probably putting applications of CRISPR into different buckets. Where we could imagine one bucket would be for diseases that are devastating, where we have a very well-defined genetic cause and a clear way to make the targeted change in the genome that would prevent that with CRISPR, versus other things that have a lot of risk associated with them, where you might need to be changing many sets of genes that, as you said, would potentially lead to unintended consequences.
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Emily Chang21:49
You've been called the moral compass of biotech. Does it ever feel more like a burden and less like an honor? And do you ever miss the sort of quiet joy of discovery?
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Jennifer Doudna22:00
Yes, I miss the quiet joy of discovery. I'd be lying if I didn't admit that, but these are kind of the cards I've been dealt in my career, and so I try to embrace it. I try to learn from it. I try to use it as a way to ultimately make sure that CRISPR is gonna benefit as many people as possible.
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Emily Chang22:19
What began with innovation in a lab has grown into an entire CRISPR industry—startups, pharmaceutical giants, and now AI-driven companies, all converging on the next phase in gene editing. But for many, the biggest concern isn't failure, it's success. Do you ever struggle with unleashing this power on the world, this potential to do so much good, but also it's really scary?
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Jennifer Doudna22:43
I guess I don't tend to think about it that way. I tend to think about it in terms of the opportunities that CRISPR brings, but I also recognize that there's a responsibility to speak out about the potential risk at the moment. Certainly I feel very excited about where it's headed. The opportunities to treat people that have rare disease, I think is here potentially. Opportunities to prevent diseases that affect many of us in the future is coming.
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Emily Chang23:09
So is it paradise ahead or Gattaca?
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Jennifer Doudna23:12
Maybe somewhere in the middle, Emily, you know, hopefully closer to Nirvana.
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Emily Chang23:31
There's this perception of science as this sort of slow, methodical process, but your journey has had so many dramatic twists and turns. Who plays you in the movie?
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Jennifer Doudna23:42
I hope it's Kate Winslet.
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Emily Chang23:43
I like that, I'm a fan. Is there a movie?
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Jennifer Doudna23:47
I haven't heard of one, but let me know if you hear otherwise.