Andrej Karpathy on AI ecosystem
From Andrej Karpathy on Future Of AI, LLM OS, and Building Ecosystems · · Perfology Clips
“I think the OS analogy is also really interesting because when you get when you look at something like Windows or something like that these are also operating systems they come with a few default apps like a browser comes with Windows right you can use the edge browser and so I think in the same way OpenAI or any of the other companies might come up with a few default apps quote unquote but that doesn't mean that you can have different browsers that are running on it just like you can have different chat agents sort of running on that infrastructure and so there will be a few default apps but there will also be potentially a vibrant ecosystem of all kinds of apps that are fine to all the different and carings of the economy.”
On , Andrej Karpathy, Independent AI Researcher and Former Director of AI at Tesla/Independent, spoke about AI ecosystem during Andrej Karpathy on Future Of AI, LLM OS, and Building Ecosystems on Perfology Clips.
About Andrej Karpathy
Andrej Karpathy has continued to speak publicly about the evolution of software development in the age of large language models. In a June 2025 keynote at the AI Startup School, he described a shift he calls "Software 3.0," where natural language prompts function as programs that direct LLMs, and he argued that LLMs have "flipped the direction of technology diffusion" by making advanced tools available to consumers before corporations or governments. He cautioned that "2025 is the year of agents" was an overstatement, saying "this is the decade of agents" and stressing that "we need humans in the loop." In 2026 appearances, Karpathy revisited the term "vibe coding," which he coined in 2025, and contrasted it with what he now calls "agentic engineering." He said vibe coding is about "raising the floor for everyone" to create software, while agentic engineering is about "preserving the quality bar" of professional software and avoiding vulnerabilities. He stated that he has "never felt more behind as a programmer" despite using agentic tools, and described LLMs as "statistical simulation circuits" rather than animal intelligence, adding that "if you'll yell at them, they're not going to work better." He also suggested that hiring for AI-era roles should involve evaluating candidates on large, real-world projects rather than traditional interviews.