Sam, Jakub, and Wojciech on the future of OpenAI with audience Q&A

Hello, I'm Sam. This is our chief scientist, Jakub. And we have a bunch of updates to share today about OpenAI. Obviously, the news of today is our new structure. We're going to get to that near the end, but there's a lot of other important context we would like to share first. Given the importance of a lot of this, we're going to go into an unusual level of transparency about some of our specific research goals and infrastructure plans and product, but we think it's very much in the public interest at this point to cover all of this.

So our mission at OpenAI in both the nonprofit and our new PBC is to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity. As we get closer to building this, we have new insights into what that is going to mean. There was a time earlier on in OpenAI where we thought that AI or AGI would be sort of this oracular thing in the sky and it would make all these wonderful things for us, and we now have a sharper view of that, which is we want to create tools and then we want people to use them to create the future. We want to empower people with AI as much as possible and then trust that the process that has been working for human history of people building better and better things with newer and better tools will continue to go on.

We can now see a vision where we help build a personal AGI that people can use anywhere with all of these different tools, access to all these different services and systems to help with work and personal life. And as AI gets better and better, as AI can even do things like discover or help discover new science, what people will be able to create with that to make all of society better and their own lives more fulfilled, we think should be quite incredible.

There are three core pillars we think about for OpenAI: research, product, and infrastructure. We have to succeed at the research required to build AGI. We have to build a platform that makes it easy and powerful to use. And we have to build enough infrastructure such that people can use at a low cost all of this amazing AI that they'd like. Here's a little cartoon of how we think about our world. So, at the bottom layer here, we have chips, racks, and the systems around them, the data centers that these go into, and the energy. We'll talk more about the first three today and energy another time. Then we train models on top of these. Then we have an OpenAI account on top of that. We have a browser now called Atlas and we have devices coming in the next few years that you'll be able to take AI with you everywhere. And we have a few first-party apps like ChatGPT and Sora and we'll have more over time.

But mostly what we're excited about is this big puzzle piece in the upper right. We're finally getting to a world where we can see that people are going to be able to build incredible services with AI, starting with our API, with apps and ChatGPT, new enterprise platform that we'll have over time, an OpenAI account, and way more. And people will be able to fit all of the kind of current things in the world and many more into this new AI world, and we want to enable that. And we believe the world will build just a huge amount of value for all of us. So that's kind of what we see the economic picture looking like.

But one of the things that we've thought about for a long time and we really see happening now, glimmers of it, green shoots, whatever you want to call it, is the impact that AI will have on science. And although the economic impact from that previous slide will be huge for the long-term quality of life and improvement and change in society, AI that can autonomously discover new science or help people discover new science faster will be, I think, one of the most important things and something that we're really trying to wrap our heads around. So I'm going to hand this over to Jakub to talk about research, and as I mentioned, we're going to share a lot about our internal goals and our picture of where things are.

Okay, that's very hard to follow with the rest of this, and obviously that's the most important part of what we have to say. But you know, just to reiterate, we may be totally wrong. We have set goals and missed them miserably before. But with the picture we see, we think it is plausible that by September of next year we have sort of an intern-level AI research assistant, and that by March of 2028, which I believe is almost five years to the month after the launch of GPT-4, we have like a legitimate AI researcher. And this is the core thrust of our research program.

There are two other areas we want to talk about: product and then infrastructure. On the product side, as we make this incredible progress with deep learning, we want to make it useful to people to sort of invent the future as we mentioned. And what that's looked like traditionally for us is an AI super assistant inside of ChatGPT, but we're now really going to evolve to a platform that other people will build on top of, and all of the pieces that need to fit in of the world will be built by others. Before we go talk about that, wanted to just show a quick video of how people are using GPT-5. Some of the ways people are using GPT-5 in ChatGPT today.

Jakub will join me back for Q&A in a little bit, but we're going to have one special guest on before the end. We love that. We want much more of that. We want that everywhere. So we want OpenAI to be a platform that people and companies can build on top of. We can sort of see our way now to an AI cloud where this is not just in ChatGPT, this is not just services that we create, but we want to expose our technology for as many people to build the things that people will depend on and use and create with as possible. I think this quote or at least this idea is originally from Bill Gates, at least that's where I first heard it, that you know you've built a platform when there's more value created by people building on the platform than by the platform builder, and that's our goal. And that's our goal like next year, we really think we can now take this technology and this user base and this sort of framework we've built and get the whole world to build amazing new companies and services and applications on top of it.

To do that, there will be many things that we have to evolve towards, but there's two foundational principles as we move towards being this platform that I wanted to touch on. One is about user freedom. If this is going to be a platform that all sorts of people are building on, using, creating with, people around the world have very different needs and desires, and there will of course be some very broad bounds, but we want users to have a lot of control and customization of how they use it. Now, I made, you know, one of my many stupid mistakes when I tried to talk about this recently. I wish I had used an example other than erotica. I thought there was an understandable difference between erotica and pornbots. But in any case, the point we're trying to get across is that people need a lot of flexibility and people want to use these things in different ways, and we want to treat our adult users like adults. In our own first-party services, we may have, you know, tighter guidelines, but AI is going to become such an important part of people's lives. The freedom of human expression is going to need to be there.

Along with that, we think the world will need to think about privacy in a different way than they have for previous kinds of technology. Privacy is important for all sorts of technology, of course, but privacy for AI will be especially important. People are using this technology in a different way than they've used the technologies of the past. They're talking to it like they would to their doctor, their lawyer, their spouse. They're sharing the most intimate details of their lives. And of course, we need strong technical protections on that privacy. But we also think we need strong policy protections of that privacy. We've talked about concepts like AI privilege. But really strong protections if AI is going to be this fundamental platform in people's lives seem super important to us.

Okay. And then I want to go on to infrastructure. So I know there's been a lot of confusion about sort of where we are in our infrastructure buildout, and we figured we would just be super transparent about that. So where we are today, all of our commitments total a little bit over 30 gigawatts of infrastructure buildout. And that's about a $1.4 trillion total financial obligation for us over the next many years. This is what we've committed to so far. We of course hope to do much more, but given the picture we see today, given what we think we can see for revenue growth, our ability to raise capital, this is what we're currently comfortable with. This requires a ton of partnerships. We've talked about many of our great chip partners. There are people building the data centers for us, land, energy. There will be chip fab facilities. This is already getting to require quite a lot of supply chain innovation. And we're thrilled to get to work with AMD, Broadcom, Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, Oracle, SoftBank, many others to really make this happen.

But this is still early. If the work that Jakub talks about comes to fruition, which we think it will, and if the economic value of these things happen and people want to use all these services, we're going to need much more than this. So, I want to be clear, we're not committing to this yet, but we are having conversations about it. Our aspiration is that we can build an infrastructure factory where we can create one gigawatt a week of compute, and we aspirationally would like to get that cost down significantly to like $20 billion a gigawatt over the five-year life cycle of that equipment. To do this will require a ton of innovation, a ton of partnerships, obviously a lot of revenue growth. We'll have to repurpose our thoughts about robotics to help us build data centers instead of doing all the other things. But this is where we'd like to go, and over the coming months we are going to do a lot of work to see if we can get here. It will be some time before we're in a financial position where we could actually pull the trigger and get going on this. One gigawatt is like a big number, but I figured we would show a little video to put this into perspective. This is a data center that we're building in Abilene, Texas. This is the first Stargate site. We're doing several of these now around the country, but this one is the furthest along. There's like many thousands of people that work here every day just doing the construction at the site. There's probably hundreds of thousands or millions of people that work in the supply chain to make all this happen, to design these chips, to fab these chips, to put them together. There's all of the work that goes into this for energy. There's an enormous amount of stuff that has to happen for each one gigawatt. And we want to figure out how we can make this way more efficient and way cheaper and way more scalable so that we can deliver on the infrastructure that the research roadmap requires and that all of the ways that people will want to use this need.

To enable that, we have a new structure. So maybe you saw before this like crazy convoluted diagram of all of the OpenAI entities. Now it's much simpler. We have a nonprofit called the OpenAI Foundation that is in control of where the board sits, or where, let's come back to the board, where the board also sits, and owns a slice of our PBC, public benefit corporation, called OpenAI Group. So nonprofit in control, public benefit corporation sits under it. We hope for the OpenAI Foundation to be the biggest nonprofit ever. As I mentioned now a few times, science is one of the ways that we think the world most improves along with the institutions that broadly distribute the benefits of that. So the science will not be the only thing that the nonprofit funds, but it will be an important first major area of the things that we do. The nonprofit will govern the PBC. It will initially own about 26% of the PBC equity, but that can increase over time with warrants if we perform really well. And it will use these resources to pursue what we think are the best benefits of AI given where the technology is and what society needs.

The PBC will operate more like a normal company. It will have the same mission. It will be bound to that mission. And you know, in matters of safety will only be bound to that mission, but it will be able to attract the resources that we need for that gigantic infrastructure buildout to serve the research and product goals that we have. So, the initial focus of the foundation, we'll do more things over time, but we want to knock something out of the park, hopefully first, is a $25 billion commitment to use AI to help cure disease. There are a lot of ways this can happen. Generating data, using a lot of compute, grants to scientists, and also for AI resilience. AI resilience is a new and I think very important area, and I'd like to invite our co-founder Wojciech up to talk about what this will look like.

Hello, glad to be here. So the term AI resilience is a little bit broader than what we historically thought about AI safety. So in case of resilience, we think that advanced AI comes with risks and disruptions, and we would like to have an ecosystem of organizations that can help to solve a number of these problems. So let me give you an example to better illustrate it. We all believe that AI will advance in biology, and as it advances in biology, there is a risk that some bad actor could use AI to create man-made pandemics. So on the safety level, the mitigation would be to make sure that the models block the queries that have to do with virology. However, if you consider the entire AI industry, it's very likely that even if OpenAI blocks it, someone could use different models out there and still produce pathogens. And in case of resilience, we don't want just to block it but also have a rapid response if the problem would occur. So when I think about the risks and disruptions, there are just many. Mental health is one of them, bio is another one, job displacement might be another one. And we think that we need the ecosystem, and maybe a good analogy that I like is cybersecurity. So at the beginning of the internet, it was actually a place that people didn't feel comfortable putting their credit card numbers because it was so easy to get hacked. And when there was a virus, people were giving each other a call to disconnect the computer from the internet. And we got a long way. At the moment there's an entire infrastructure of cybersecurity companies. They are protecting the critical infrastructure, governments, corporations, and individual users to such extent that people are willing to put the most personal data online, to have life savings be online. So cybersecurity got really far, and we think that something analogous will be present for AI, that there will be an AI resilience layer. And I'm really excited that the nonprofit will help out to stimulate it, to create such an ecosystem.

So am I. I think this is an important time to be doing this, and I'm very excited that you're going to figure out how we go off and make it happen. So again, these are not the only things that the nonprofit will fund, but we're excited about these as the first two: using AI to develop cures and treatments for diseases, and this new AI resilience effort as we figure out what the deployment of AGI into society is going to look like.

So we mentioned that those are our three pillars, but you know, what if this all works? We think it is plausible that in 2026 we start to see the models of that year begin to make small discoveries. By 2028, medium or maybe even larger discoveries, and you know, who knows what 2030 and 2032 are going to look like. If AI can keep advancing science as has happened in the past, we think the future can be very bright. Of course, we think it's very important that humans can self-determine our way through this future. But the open space that new scientific advances give us is quite impressive. So, we asked Sora to help us imagine a radically better future by looking at the past. And we are particularly interested in how the history of science builds on itself, discovery after discovery. This is what we hope will happen with AI. You know, this is going to be 200 years of science. But if you can do these 200 years of compounding discoveries, the scaffolding building up on each other, not in 200 years but in 20 years or in two years, and if you look at how much this is accelerated, think about what could be possible. Before you can imagine a world where a radically better future becomes quite possible. You have a data center here that is discovering a cure for cancer. A data center there that's making the best entertainment ever. A data center here that's helping you find your future husband or wife. This one is building rockets and helping you colonize space. This one is helping to solve the climate crisis. So, we did all this stuff the old-fashioned way. And now with the help of AI, we'll be able to shape what comes next, with maybe much more power. So, we talked a little about AI medicine. We're very excited about robots. We really think energy is very, very important to the world. We want to figure out what personalized education can mean, design novel materials, and probably a ton of other things that we can't even think of yet.

So as we head into this next phase of OpenAI, and more importantly than that, this continual progress in deep learning, we thank you for joining us today. And we're going to try something new now, which is we're going to just answer questions. If this works, it's something we'll try more in the future. Jakub is going to rejoin for this Q&A. Thank you very much.

But this is a new format for us. So bear with us as we try it this first time. Again, if this is useful, it's something we'll do again a lot more. And we're going to try to just answer questions in the order they are most upvoted. Are we good to go? All right, let's see how this works. So, you can put questions in the Vimeo link and we will just start answering them. So, from Caleb, we've warned that the tech is becoming addictive and eroding trust, yet Sora mimics TikTok and ChatGPT may add ads. Why repeat the same patterns you criticized and how will you rebuild trust through actions and not just words? We're definitely worried about this. I worry about it not just for things like Sora and TikTok and ads and ChatGPT which are maybe known problems that we can design carefully, but you know, we have certainly seen people develop relationships with chatbots that we didn't expect and there can...

Clearly be addictive behavior there given the dynamics and competition in the world. I suspect some companies will offer very addictive new kinds of products. And I think you'll have to just judge us on our actions. We'll make some mistakes. We'll try to roll back models that are problematic. If we ship Sora and it becomes super addictive and not about creation, we'll cancel the product and you'll have to just judge us on that. My hope and belief is that we will not make the same mistakes that companies before us have made. I don't think they meant to make them either. We're all kind of discovering this together. We probably will make new ones though and we'll just have to evolve quickly and have a tight feedback loop. We can imagine all sorts of ways this technology does incredible good in the world, also obvious bad ones. We're guided by a mission where we'll just continuously evolve the product. One thing that we are quite hopeful about in terms of what we optimize for in products like ChatGPT or Sora is thinking about optimizing for the very long term, which is naturally very aligned with how we think in general about extending the horizon on which the models can work productively. And so we believe that quite a lot of development is possible there and we can eventually get the models that really optimize for long-term satisfaction and well-being instead of just short-term signals.

Okay, next question. Will we have an option to keep the 4o model permanently after adult mode is installed? We don't need safer models, responsible adults. We have no plans to sunset 4o. We are not going to promise to keep it around till the heat death of the universe either, but we understand that it's a product that some of our users really love. We also hope other people understand why it was not a model that we thought was healthy for minors to be using. We hope that we build better models over time that people like more. You know, the people you have a relationship with in your life, they evolve and get smarter and change a little bit over time. And we think that we hope that the same thing will happen. But yeah, no plans to sunset 4o currently.

Wow, we have a lot of 4o questions. All right, we're not going to, in the interest of time, we will not go through all of these, but yeah, we want people to have models that they want to use. We don't want people to feel like we're routing them around models. And we want adults to make choices as adults as long as we think we're not selling heroin or whatever, which you shouldn't do. So people that want to have emotional speech, as we've said, we want to allow more of that and we plan to. Okay, here's a good anonymous question for Jakub. When will AGI happen?

Yeah, I would say I think the AGI term has become hugely overloaded and as Jakub said, it'll be this process over a number of years that we're in the middle of. But one of the reasons we wanted to present what we did today is I think it's much more useful to say our intention, our goal is by March of 2028 to have a true automated AI researcher and define what that means than it is to sort of try to satisfy everyone with a definition of AGI.

Can you give us an idea of how far ahead internal models are compared to deployed ones?

Yeah. One of the ways this kind of often works in practice is there's like a lot of pieces that we develop and they're all kind of hard-won victories and then we know that when we put them together we will have something quite impressive and we're able to predict that fairly well. Part of our goal today is to say that we have a lot of those pieces. It's not like we're kind of currently sitting on this giant thing that we're not showing to the world, but that we expect by a year from now, certainly with this September of 2026 goal, that we have a realistic shot at a tremendously important step forward in capability.

What is OpenAI? Ronin asks, "What is OpenAI's stance on partnering with labs like Anthropic, Gemini, or XAI for joint research, compute sharing, and safety efforts?" We think this is going to be increasingly important on the safety front. Labs will need to share safety techniques, safety standards. You can imagine a time when the whole world would say, okay, before we hit a recursive self-improvement phase, we really need to all carefully study this together. We welcome that collaboration. I think it'll be quite important. One thing to mention on chain of thought faithfulness that I talked about earlier, we actually have started talking about establishing industry norms and we started some joint investigations with researchers from Google and Anthropic and some other labs. And yeah, that's something I'm very excited about and I think that is an example of something where we can really benefit from collaborating across multiple labs.

Anonymous asks, "Will you ever open source some of your old models like the original GPT-4?" We might do those as museum artifacts someday, but GPT-4 is not a particularly useful open source model. It's big. It's not that good. We could probably make something that is beyond the power of GPT-4 at a very tiny scale. That actually would be useful to people. So, for useful things, I expect more things like that. For fun museum artifacts, yeah, someday, who knows? Like I think there could be a lot of cool things like that.

Another anonymous or maybe the same one asks, "Will you admit that your new model is inferior to the previous one and that you're ruining your company with your arrogance and greed while ignoring users' needs?" I believe that it is inferior to you for your use case and we would like to build models that are better for your use case. On the whole, we think for most users it's a better and more capable model but we definitely have learned things about the 4o to o3 upgrade and we will try to do much better in the future both about better continuity and about making sure that our model gets better for most users not just sort of people that are using AI for science or coding or for whatever.

Y asks will there ever be a version of ChatGPT meant for personal connection and reflection not only business or education. Yeah, for sure. We think this is a wonderful use of AI. We're very touched by how much this has meant to people's lives. All of us get a ton of emails and outreach from users about how ChatGPT has helped people in difficult personal situations or to live a better life. And this is what we're here for. I mean, this is as important as anything that we do. We love to hear about scientific progress. We love to hear about people that got diagnosed with a disease and got cured. The personal stories are incredibly important to us and we're thrilled about that and we absolutely want to offer such a service.

Your safety... okay two parts of this, two questions that are about 4o from G and anonymous. Your safety routing breaks user trust and workflows by overriding our choices. Will you commit to revoking this paternalistic policy for all consenting adult users and stop treating us like children? When do users get control over routing? Where's the transparency on safety and censorship? Why can't adults pick their own models? Yeah, I don't think the way we handled the model routing was our best thing ever. There are some real problems with 4o. And we have seen a problem where people that are in fragile psychiatric situations using a model like 4o can get into a worse one. Most adult users can use those fine, but we do, as we've mentioned, we have an obligation to protect minor users. And we also have an obligation to protect adult users who are not in a frame of mind where we're reasonably likely that they're choosing what they really want and we're not causing them harm. As we build age verification and as we are able to differentiate users that are having like a true mental health crisis from users who are not, of course we want to give people more user freedom as we mentioned that's one of our platform principles. So yes, expect improvement there and I don't think this was our best work and how we communicated the previous rollout.

How we strike the right balance between protecting people and allowing adults to speak about difficult things without feeling policed. You want to say anything there?

Kate says, "When in December will adult mode come? Will it have more than just NSFW? When writing even slight conflict when writing triggers filters." I don't know exactly when in December it will ship but yes the goal is when you are writing, when you are using OpenAI to help you with creative writing, it should be much more permissive in many categories than the previous models are. Again, we want this and we know users want this too. If this is going to be your personal tool it should help you with what you're doing and every time you hit a content filter for something that feels like it shouldn't, we understand how annoying that is. So we are going to try to fix that with adult mode. There may be new problems that we face, but we want to give people more flexibility.

Anonymous says, "Why does your idea of safety require lying to users about what model they're actually using?" Again, I think we mis-rolled this one out, but the goal here was to let people continue to use 4o, but in the situations where 4o has behavior that we think is actually really harmful before we have all of the age gating that we'd like, to kick it to put the user into a model where they are not going to have some of the mental health problems that we faced with 4o. 4o was an interesting challenge. It's a model that some users really love and it was a model that was causing some users harm that they really didn't want. And I don't think this is the last time we'll face challenges like this with a model. But we are trying to figure out the right way to balance that.

Will we legacy models back for adults without rewriting? Yes. Y, will the December update officially clarify OpenAI's position on human-AI emotional bonds? Or will restrictions continue implicitly defining such connections as harmful worldwide? I don't know what it means to have an official position. We build this tool, you can use it the way you want. If you want to have like a small relationship and you're getting something like empathy or friendship that matters to you and your life out of a model, it's very important to us that the model faithfully communicate what it is and what it isn't. But if you as the user are finding value in that support, again, we think that's awesome. We are very touched by the stories of people who find value, utility, a better life in the emotional support or other kinds of support they get from these models.

Kylo says, "How is OpenAI increasingly allowing so many features for the free version users?" I can answer this from a product and business perspective, but Jakub, I think it might be useful for you to just talk about the incredible rate at which models are getting more capable for lower prices and less amounts of compute.

So yeah, we talk a lot about the increase in model capability and for pushing forward science that's hugely important. One of the most amazing things that I've observed about AI is over the last few years, the sort of price of a particular unit of intelligence has fallen about 40x per year for the last few years. So when we first had like GPT-3, we thought it was very cool and it was at this cost that was kind of hard and like GPT-3 scale models now basically run for free like on a phone or something. The cost of a model that's as smart as GPT-4 at the time we launched it relative now has fallen hugely and we expect this trend to keep going. Now we still think we need a ton of infrastructure because what we continue to find is the cheaper we can make it the more people want to use it and I expect that only to increase but our goal is to drive the cost of intelligence down and down and down and have people use it for more and more things that will allow us to continue to offer lots of features for free. But that will also mean, I think, that people who really want to spend a lot on pushing AI to the limit to cure a disease or figure out how to build a better rocket or whatever will spend a huge amount. We are committed to continuing to put the best technology we can as long as we can make the business model even sort of work into the free tier and you should expect a lot more from us there over time.

Okay. Anonymous asks, "Will an age verification start that allows users to opt out of the safety route or a waiver that could be signed releasing OpenAI from any liability?" We're not going to do the equivalent of selling heroin or whatever, even if you sign a liability. But yes, on the principle of treat adult users like adults, if you're age verified, you will get quite a lot of flexibility. We think that's important and clearly it resonates with the people asking these questions. Anonymous also asks, "Is ChatGPT the Ask Jeeves of AI?" We sure hope not. We don't think it will be.

Okay. Since we only have 10 minutes left, we're going to, and some of these touch other things that we've already touched on. We're going to skip down through some of the same questions and try to get to more. In future Q&A sessions, we can do more of these if we don't get to everything here.

Just as the Macintosh was the precursor to the iPhone, do you see ChatGPT as the OpenAI product or do you see it as a precursor to something much greater that truly reshapes the world?

I think the chat interface is a great interface. It won't be the only interface, but the way that people use these systems will change hugely over time. If you think about what Jakub shared earlier of the 5-second, 5-minute, 5-hour tasks, if you think about a 5-year or 5-century task that would take something that would take humans, it's hard to even think about what that means. But probably you want a different kind of product experience. I also think you probably will want this to feel more like a sort of ambient always present companion. Like right now you can ask ChatGPT something. It can do something for you. But it'd be really nice to have a service that was sort of just observing your life and proactively helping you when you needed it and helping you come up with better ideas and just I think we can probably push very hard in that direction.

Neil asks, "I love GPT-4.5. It's by far the best on the market for writing and it's the main reason I pay for Pro. Could we get some clarity on its future, please?" We think we're going to have models that are much better than 4.5 very soon and for writing much much better. We plan to keep it around until we have a model that is a huge step forward in writing. But, you know, we'd like to, we don't think 4.5 is that good anymore. We'd like to offer something much much better.

Do you have any sense of timing to share about when you think we have a model that is dramatically better than 4.5 on this kind of task like writing and also anything about like how far that's going to go?

When is ChatGPT Atlas for Windows coming? asks Lars. I don't know an exact time frame. Some number of months, I would guess. It's definitely something we want to do. And more generally, this idea that we can build experiences like browsers and new devices that let you take AI with you that get towards this sort of ambient always helpful assistant rather than something you just query in response, this will be a very important direction for us to push more on.

Will you disclose the documents with the opinions of the 170 experts so that we'll have some transparency regarding the new justifications for model behavior? I will ask Fidji Simo how she'd like to handle that, but I think we could, I don't know exactly what we'll be able to share, but I think we should do something there. And I think more transparency there is a good thing.

Anonymous says, "I've been a Pro user since month two. As a researcher and fiction writer, I feel GPT helps me think clearer. I lost the question." Sorry, that was a really good question. Let me try to find it again. Clearer but not freer. Has imagination become an optimization casualty? What do you think?

Yeah, I think there are going to be population scale, like one of the sort of strange things I've noticed is people in real life talking in like ChatGPT, where they sort of use some of the quirks of things ChatGPT says. And I think there will be other things like this where there's like this co-evolution of people and the technology in ways we can't totally predict but my expectation is over time people are much more capable, much more creative, think much more expansively and much more broadly than they do today. And we certainly see examples of this where people are just like I never would have been able to keep this in my head. I never would have been able to have this idea. And then we hear other examples where people say, you know, I've outsourced my thinking and I just do what this thing tells me. And obviously we're much more excited about the former than the latter.

Can you help us understand why you build emotionally intelligent models and then criticize people for using it for accessibility reasons when it comes to processing emotions and mental health? Again, we think that's a good thing. We want that. We're happy about that. The same model that can do that can also be used to encourage delusions in mentally fragile users. And what we want is people who are using these models intentionally. The model is not deceiving the user about what it is and what it isn't. The model's being helpful, the model's helping a user accomplish their goals. We want more of that and less of anything that would feel like the model tricking a user, for lack of a more scientific word. I totally get, we totally get the frustration here. Whenever you're trying to stop something that is causing harm, you stop some perfectly good use as well. But please understand the place we're coming from here is trying to provide a service to adults that are aware of it and that are getting real value from it and not cause unintended harm to people who don't want that along the way.

All right. Given that we have just a couple of minutes left, let's see if there's any questions in very other directions that we should try to get to.

Okay. When do you think massive jobs loss will happen due to AI from Razi?

This is a question from me not from the live stream. What do you think meaning will look like? What do you think the jobs of the future will look like? How do you think when AI automates a lot of the current things like how do you think we'll derive our fulfillment and spend our time?

Okay, rapid fire, two minutes. Shindi says when GPT-6?

Yeah. I don't know either exactly when we'll call it that but I think a clear message from us is say 6 months from now probably sooner we expect to have huge steps forward in model capability.

Felix asks is an IPO still planned and how would the structure then look like? Are there rules in place for increasing capital? We don't have like specific plans or this is exactly when it's going to happen but I think it's fair to say it is the most likely path for us given the capital needs that we'll have in sort of the size of the company. But you know that's not like a top of mind thing for us right now.

Alec asks, "You mentioned being comfortable with the 1.4 trillion of investment. What level of revenues would you need to support this over time? What will be the largest revenue driver? It can't just be a per user subscription." You know, eventually we need to get to hundreds of billions of a year in revenue and we're on a pretty steep curve towards that. I expect enterprise to be a huge revenue driver for us, but I think consumer really will be too. And it won't just be the subscription, but we'll have new products, devices, tons of other things there as well. And this says nothing about like what it would really mean to have AI discovery and science and all of the revenue possibilities that would unlock. And as we see more of that, we will increase spend on infrastructure.

Okay. We are out of time. Thank you all very much for joining us and the questions. And we will try to learn from this format and iterate on it and keep doing these sorts of Q&A. Thank you very much.