WATCH: Jerome Powell Holds Federal Reserve Press Conference After Kevin Warsh Approved - 4/29/26

Good afternoon. My colleagues and I remain squarely focused on achieving our dual mandate goals of maximum employment and stable prices for the benefit of the American people. The US economy has been expanding at a solid pace. While job gains have remained low, the unemployment rate has been little changed in recent months. Inflation has moved up and is elevated in part reflecting the recent increase in global energy prices.

Today, the FOMC decided to leave our policy rate unchanged. We see the current stance of monetary policy as appropriate to promote progress toward our maximum employment and 2% inflation goals.

Developments in the Middle East are contributing to a high level of uncertainty about the economic outlook and we will remain attentive to risks to both sides of our dual mandate. I'll have more to say about monetary policy after briefly reviewing economic developments.

Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has been expanding at a solid pace. Consumer spending has been resilient and business fixed investment has continued to expand at a brisk pace. In contrast, activity in the housing sector has remained weak.

In the labor market, the unemployment rate was 4.3% in March and has changed little in recent months. Job gains have remained low. A good part of the slowing in the pace of job growth over the past year reflects a decline in the growth of the labor force due to lower immigration and labor force participation. Though labor demand has clearly softened as well. Other indicators, including job openings, layoffs, hiring, and nominal wage growth, generally show little change in recent months.

Inflation has moved up recently and is elevated relative to our 2% longer run goal. Estimates based on the consumer price index and other data indicate that total PCE prices rose 3.5% over the 12 months ending in March, boosted by the significant rise in global oil prices that has resulted from the conflict in the Middle East.

Excluding the volatile food and energy categories, core PCE prices rose 3.2% over the 12 months ending in March. This relatively high rate largely reflects the effects of tariffs on prices in the goods sector.

Near-term measures of inflation expectations have risen this year, likely because of the substantial rise in oil prices. Most measures of longer-term expectations remain consistent with our 2% inflation goal.

Our monetary policy actions are guided by our dual mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people. At today's meeting, the committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 3 and a half to 3 and 3/4%.

The economic outlook remains highly uncertain and the conflict in the Middle East has added to this uncertainty. In the near term, higher energy prices will push up overall inflation. Beyond that, the scope and duration of potential effects on the economy remain unclear, as does the future course of the conflict itself.

We will continue to monitor the risks to both sides of our dual mandate. We are well positioned to determine the extent and timing of additional adjustments to our policy rate based on the incoming data, the evolving outlook and the balance of risks.

Monetary policy is not on a preset course and we will make our decisions on a meeting by meeting basis.

This is my last press conference as chair and I will close with a few thoughts. First, I want to congratulate Kevin Warsh on his advancement out of the Senate Banking Committee this morning. This is an important step forward and I wish him well as that process continues.

The Federal Reserve exists for one fundamental purpose: to foster the economic conditions in which American families and businesses can thrive. Stable prices, a strong job market, and a financial system they can depend on. Every decision we make, whether about interest rates or regulatory and supervisory matters or other issues, is made in service of that purpose.

Our decisions reflect the collective judgment of the Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee. Colleagues who demonstrate analytical rigor, principled judgment, and a genuine commitment to the public interest. Our collaborative and deliberative process has long reflected a shared commitment to finding common ground in service to our mission.

This institution is resilient, capable, and staffed by professionals of extraordinary talent and exceptional dedication. It has been a privilege to serve alongside so many great public servants at the Board of Governors and around the Federal Reserve system.

The Fed's work is only as effective as the public's understanding of it. And you, the press, are essential to keeping the public informed about what we do and why. The people we serve benefit from your careful reporting.

I welcomed the announcement last Friday by the US Attorney for the District of Columbia that she had closed the criminal investigation. She also noted, however, that she would not hesitate to restart the investigation.

Over the weekend, the Department of Justice provided assurances that they will not reopen the investigation unless there's a criminal referral from the Fed's Inspector General. And absent such a referral, if they do appeal the recent court decision, they would not seek, as part of that appeal, to restart the investigation or send new subpoenas.

I've said that I will not leave the board until this investigation is well and truly over with transparency and finality, and I stand by that. I'm encouraged by recent developments, and I'm watching the remaining steps in this process carefully.

My decisions on these matters will continue to be guided entirely by what I believe is in the best interest of the institution and the people we serve.

After my term as chair ends on May 15, I will continue to serve as a governor for a period of time to be determined. I plan to keep a low profile as a governor. There's only ever one chair of the Federal Reserve Board. When Kevin Warsh is confirmed and sworn in, he will be that chair. Once sworn in as board chair, his new colleagues will elect him to chair the FOMC as well.

As I regularly point out from this podium, our success in delivering our goals matters for all Americans. I'm confident that the Fed will continue to do its work with objectivity, integrity, and a deep commitment to serve the American people. Thank you, and I look forward to your questions.

Sure. So, you know, my concern is really about the series of legal attacks on the Fed which threaten our ability to conduct monetary policy without considering political factors. And I want to note here this has nothing whatever to do with verbal criticism by elected officials. I've never suggested that such verbal criticism is a problem and neither has anyone else here. But these legal actions by the administration are unprecedented in our 113-year history and there are ongoing threats of additional such actions. I worry that these attacks are battering the institution and putting at risk the thing that really matters to the public, which is the ability to conduct monetary policy without taking into consideration political factors. It is so important for our economy, for the people that we serve, that they can depend over time on a central bank that operates that way, free of political influence. It's part of the absolute foundation of this amazing economy that we have. It's just one of the many reasons why the US economy is the envy of the world. That piece of institutional architecture separates successful countries from unsuccessful countries. It is extremely important, not for the people who work at the Fed at any given time, but for the people that we serve, that the Fed remain able to conduct monetary policy in a way that doesn't get pulled into politics trying to help or hurt any particular politician or political party. It's critical for the people that we serve. In terms of when I would leave, I will leave when I think it is appropriate to do so. Was that all your questions or was that...

I don't see that at all. As I mentioned, you know, I'm literally staying because of the actions that have been taken. I had long planned to be retiring, and you know, the things that have happened in really the last 3 months have left me no choice but to stay until I see them through at least that long. You know, in addition, I don't see how this will interfere. My intention is not to interfere. You know, I was a governor for almost six years, and the tradition is at the Fed that governors who understand how difficult the role of chair is, and as a soon-to-be former chair, I do understand how hard it is to get consensus with 19 strong-minded people, you work with the chair. You try to be heard, but also collaborate with the chair and try to support the chair when you can. When you can't, you can't. And I think that's the attitude that people generally take. And that's the attitude that I'll take.

So, you know, I would look at it this way. For a long time, we've been working on the hypothesis really that tariffs would lead to a one-time price increase and that that would go away over time. In other words, that there would be no further change. So, measured inflation wouldn't reflect that higher level going up more and more. And it's time for that to happen. You know, we really do expect that to be happening in the next two quarters. So, we'll be watching very carefully to see that what we've thought all along would happen. That's the kind of critical part of the forecast. We need to really see that. With energy, it's so hard to say. I mentioned, you know, in sort of the textbook you would look through an oil shock because they tend to be short-lived and they tend to revert and monetary policy works with long and variable lags. So you wouldn't necessarily react right away. I think that is all the more true given that we're several years above 2% inflation and that we're already looking through the tariff shock. So I think we're going to be very cautious about that. But the question about looking through energy really is not in front of us right now. It hasn't even peaked yet and I think we'd want to see the backside of that and progress on tariffs before we even thought about reducing rates.

So, that was, as you will recall, we had a discussion about that at the last meeting and we talked about it in the press conference after the March meeting. We had the same today. We had quite a vigorous discussion about that very issue and the guidance and is it still appropriate and that kind of thing. And I would say that the number of people on the committee who either could support that language change to a more neutral stance so that a hike is as likely as a cut, that number has increased over the intervening period and it's easy to see why. I mean, it's a good question, right? You see inflation has moved up over the interim a bit, core inflation's 3.2 now, moving albeit just a little bit in the wrong direction and we know that there will be, you know, that there's headline inflation coming out of the Gulf and we don't know how much that will be. We just, we're going to need to see. So, it makes all the sense in the world that people would look at that and we'd have a vigorous discussion about that. You saw that three people dissented over the language. I think all of those people agreed with the rate decision. So the majority of the committee did not want to do that and I didn't think we needed to do it at this meeting. It really was just a question of why do we need to do that now? You know, we have so much to learn. There's so much uncertainty about the path ahead. There doesn't need to be any rush to make that decision now because what happens in the next 30, 60 days, even by the next meeting, could really change the picture around that language. So, you know, it's a much closer thing on the committee than it was in March. And, you know, that makes all the sense in the world, it seems to me.

I wouldn't want to guess, you know. Well, first of all, we're going to have new leadership in all likelihood by then and new leadership is going to have a very important role to play in that. So, I won't be standing here at this podium to answer your question. So, I don't know. As I mentioned, that's all I can really say is that we had a great discussion about that today. It's gotten to be a better question than the interim period. We had the discussion, a majority are still on the page of not feeling the need to move to that level and that's where I am. I get it though, you know, at a certain point you would move and that conceivably could come as soon as the next meeting.

So I'm not going to give him any advice through you today here, but I think communications generally is, I think every incoming chair takes a look at communications and it's a very healthy thing. I mean, communications is very complex and you can always be looking at new things and if that happens, feels like it's going to happen, that's a completely appropriate thing.

I haven't seen him since seeing him at a dinner in January where I congratulated him and had a nice chat with him. Haven't seen him. I don't know what a normal process is. You know, the last process was with Janet Yellen with whom I had worked for six years and so it was, you know, we were sitting down the hall from each other. So it was a very different thing. I think this is and will be a very normal, standard kind of a transition process. So that's what I expect. I have every reason to think it will be.

I wasn't thinking of it as such, but no, not really. I mean, I'm thinking more of the other things I mentioned.

I don't know the answer to that. I mean, what we experienced in the mid-teens was really low levels of unemployment for a long period of time and no reaction from inflation. And we all very much took notice of that. We also noticed that the biggest wage gains were going to people at the bottom end of the income spectrum. And we had many, many reports of, I mean, it felt like a fairly stable equilibrium and a lot of benefits were flowing to people at the bottom end of the income spectrum including companies were, you know, setting up in, you know, people who were confined and training them before they got out. And it was a very healthy sort of set of societal dynamics. So of course I think anybody would love to get back to that. I don't think that anything that happened to create the global pandemic inflation was in any way related to overweighting the employment market. I mean, it was a global shock that happened essentially very similarly all over the world that had to do with closing, reopening, stimulus and all that. And I mean, you could look at a graph of 10 big economies on the page and not know which was the US and which was Germany, France and things like that. So I don't think that that insight was in any way responsible for the high inflation that we experienced. So I mean, I think it's always been a balance. You've got to be strong on both of our dual mandates and we just, for example now, we don't feel that the labor market is at all a source of inflation so we don't need to be worrying about that. It's been a long time since we have had to worry about that. Well, actually during the pandemic recovery the labor market was super overheated and tight and that's when we had to worry about it but not now.

Just on the other issue, would you need, do you need more assurance from the Justice Department before stepping down? Is that what you're waiting for or what else?

You know, for the investigation to be well and truly over with finality and transparency. And I'm waiting for that and I will leave when I think it's appropriate to do so.

So nobody, the three dissenters and others who could have supported that and others who were, you know, who were voters and non-voters who preferred it, they all supported the rate decision, right? So people are not saying we need to hike now. It's more a question of, you know, don't we kind of feel that we should be neutral and markets are markets, what are markets doing? People argue that this is consistent with what markets are doing. And again, it's a very fair question but, you know, these changes, it's a form of forward guidance and you want to make them in a way that will be sustained and continue to make sense and not something you need to take back, you know, fairly quickly. So I think we just, a group of us including me, didn't feel like we needed to be in a hurry on that, that markets are not confused about our reaction function. We don't have a problem to solve on that. But the other side of the argument is a good argument too. As I mentioned, it's a perfectly good argument to be having, good discussion to be having. So, and it came out the way it came out.

Not driving my thinking now. I mean, monetary policy is going to get made by, you know, 19 people. There's a lot of stability there. I mean, if you think about it, every new Fed chair has the same situation which is you've got 18 colleagues on the FOMC, 11 of them vote during any year and your job is to create consensus. It's to talk to them, understand them, you know, be inside their thinking and be able to pull them together and get consensus and move. And that's what every Fed chair has to do. I think Kevin Warsh is actually quite well, he has the capabilities, skills to be very good at that, I would think. So, I think I'm not so worried about that process, you know. I think that'll work itself out.

Yeah. You know, that's just something I would never do. You know, the shadow chair thing. You know, I don't know what the exact specifics of it will be, but I'm going back to being a governor. I respect the role of chair. I, you know, I was a chair. I was a governor for six years, and I know what that's like. I know and I had a, you know, pretty front row seat with particularly with Chair Yellen to whom I was close when I worked with Chairman Bernanke for two years. But, you know, I was brand new at that time. So I got a sense of what it was and I had real sympathy for how hard it is to get that group to consensus and I always felt like I, you know, I don't want to add to that unnecessarily and that means try to support the chair where the chair wants to go and if you can, if you can't, you can't. And I think that's the way it's always worked there because the chair only has one vote plus the ability to develop consensus and if people won't be, you know, they won't, if they're not flexible at all then how do you ever do that? And so that's why the chair has the authority the chair has really is to develop relationships with people and work with them and then put something forward that has consensus. And I propose to be a very constructive participant in that process, really out of respect for the office of the chair.

You know, those prospects are real. Remember though, our, and they're real and the real thing is we're going to have to wait and see. We're going to need to see and the good news is we think our policy stance is in a very good place for us to wait and see. We, you know, we're right kind of at the high end of neutral or perhaps mildly restrictive. The labor market shows more and more signs of stability whereas inflation is kind of misbehaving and so maybe a little bit of restriction or the high end of neutral is just the right place to be. So we can wait here and see how things work out before we act and we'll see how much that, you know, how much does come through into core. You see it already in airfares of course but you may see it in many other places. You know, we just don't know yet and it's so unknowable because how long will the strait be closed? You can develop any number of scenarios that you want but we really won't know till we know. So fortunately we're in a good place to wait and let things develop.

So we always said when we were doing quarterly press conferences, we always said we can move at any meeting, but we only ever moved at the quarterly SEP meetings where we had the press conference. So if you think about it, you know, we during the pandemic, we were moving like a lot at every meeting and sometimes between meetings and doing that without a press conference, I think would have been quite challenging. It's become the industry norm. It's the standard. I don't know whether that has to remain.

I don't know. I mean, it's just something people have become used to, and I do think it's quite helpful. I try to deliver a message on behalf of the committee rather than 18 other people going out and delivering their message, and it's going to be all over the place because we do thankfully have widely disparate views.

So, I'm not going to go into the real small specifics, but what we found very quickly was that making really large changes, for example, to the dot plot or the SCP, we couldn't come up with anything that had really broad support on the committee, and so we just moved on. We didn't really do as much on that as we might have. And you know, I was never the world's biggest fan of the dot plot, but you can't beat something with nothing. We've looked at a bunch of things, and like I said, I think every new chair is going to look at our suite of communications and think about what would be changes. We are the only major central bank that doesn't publish a forecast, and that's because we have a 19-person committee. You try to do that at the board, that's hard; at the committee, that's hard; it's hard if you do it at the staff. So, it works. I think our communications are fine, but looking at doing it in a different and better way is the most natural thing in the world.

You know, where we're at is we think our policy rate is in a good place. If we need to hike, we will certainly signal that, and we will certainly do it. And if we need to cut, then if it's appropriate to cut, then we'll signal the opposite. I think because we feel like we're in a good place to move in either direction. Nobody's calling for a hike right now. So it really is going to depend on how things evolve. And you know, that's really where it is. As I mentioned, a much closer question this cycle on changing the guidance, but ultimately we didn't.