Oil prices have fluctuated around $100 per barrel. In this context, global growth forecasts have been marked down, while inflation forecasts have been revised higher. Some countries have been grappling with energy shortages, especially South Asian economies that depend on Gulf producers. Elsewhere, supplies are intact, supported by large pre-existing inventories, but prices are still up sharply. Households are being squeezed with consumer prices in the United States, for example, rising 3.8% in April, and inflation in the Euro area at 3%. Bond yields have also risen, especially in advanced economies, which are now borrowing at rates last seen in the 2000s. Given the uncertainty, central banks are still mostly on hold. Markets now project major central banks will increase rates this year, having dropped expectations for cuts.
Moving to South Africa, we have lowered our growth forecast for the next years. Before this shock hit, the economy seemed to be gaining momentum, with the incoming data mostly positive. Now, however, we face a painful combination of higher global uncertainty and reduced disposable income. This will hit both investment and household consumption, which have been our main growth drivers. The recent floods in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, and Northwest provinces have also done severe localized damage. The frequency of these extreme weather events underscores the threat from climate change. We see downside risks to growth. That said, the fundamentals of South Africa's economic recovery remain intact, as reflected in the recent decision by Moody's to assign a positive outlook to the sovereign credit rating. The macroeconomy is demonstrating resilience to global challenges. South Africa's terms of trade remain elevated, lifted by favorable prices for key exports. Domestic reforms continue to support a pickup in growth potential.
Moving to inflation, consumer prices rose 4% in April, up from 3.1% previously. This was mostly due to higher energy costs. After falling by 8.7% in March, fuel prices increased by 11.4%. This is one of the largest jumps in fuel inflation on record. Services inflation also accelerated to 4.6%, well above our 3% target. This partly reflected transport costs, but it also showed non-fuel pressures in areas such as insurance and financial services. At the same time, the exchange rate remains stronger than it was last year. This has helped contain import prices. Food inflation has also been easing.
Looking forward, we have raised our oil price assumptions. In addition, we see renewed pressure on food prices with the agricultural sector facing higher costs for both diesel and fertilizer. Our forecast now has a headline inflation averaging 4.4% this year and 3.7% next year before returning to the 3% target in 2028. Core inflation is also higher, peaking early next year. These projections entail some second-round effects as the shock broadens out into wages and inflation expectations. At this early stage, we don't have clear confirmation of these effects in the data. New results from our main survey of inflation expectations will only be available next month. However, in market indicators and analyst expectations are edging higher. Given the forecast, we see upside risks to inflation.
Against this backdrop, the committee decided to increase the policy rate by 25 basis points to 7% effective from the 29th of May. Four members preferred this action while two favored no change. The committee agreed that inflation risks had intensified and that the challenge of large and overlapping shocks would likely trigger second-round effects requiring a monetary policy response. Our decision was aimed at managing risks and ensuring that inflation returns to target. The forecast from our quarterly projection model shows one hike this quarter. As inflation falls later in the forecast, our model then has rates increasing again towards neutral levels. Real rates are lower this year given higher inflation. So, the policy stance is now less restrictive than it was in March. As before, this rate path remains a broad policy guide. Our decisions will continue to be taken on a meeting-by-meeting basis with careful attention to the outlook, data outcomes, and the balance of risks to the forecast.
Given elevated uncertainty, we continue to find value in scenarios. For this meeting, we explored three risks. One is a prolonged Middle East crisis leading to higher food and oil prices plus a weaker rand. The second included El Niño, a weather pattern that seems to be forming currently, and which typically brings drought to parts of South Africa. The third scenario added non-linear effects. Basically, the risk that big shocks have proportionally larger effects on inflation with more costs passed on to consumers. All these scenarios imply higher inflation and lower growth. For the quarterly projection model, policy must achieve a balance supporting economic activity while guiding inflation back to target over time. To this end, the various scenarios all show some additional monetary policy tightening. The scenario with a longer Strait closure has inflation at about 5% with two more hikes than the baseline. While El Niño added rates stay higher for longer. With El Niño effects added, rates stay higher for longer. The most adverse scenario puts all the risks together causing inflation to peak above 6% requiring three extra hikes. These scenarios underscore the importance of food alongside fuel in transmitting the ongoing geopolitical shock. They also show the additional risks from a severe El Niño.
We have already had one global inflation surge this decade. And we may well be starting another. In such adverse conditions it is crucial that central banks maintain their credibility and prevent higher inflation from becoming entrenched. Although we do not have the tools to prevent the initial effects of supply shocks, monetary policy is responsible for longer run inflation. We take this duty seriously and we reiterate our commitment to bringing inflation back to 3% over time. That concludes our statement. And as usual, I will invite members of the media to pose any questions that you might have. And again, do identify yourself and the media house that you represent. Right in the front here, we will start one, two.
